نشریه آینده پژوهی مدیریت
سال نوزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 78، پاییز 1387)

This paper introduces a fuzzy-based model for analysis of organizational structure. This model has three stages. In the first stage, it applies a fuzzy system to obtain the desired structural dimensions (system’s outputs) based on the contextual dimensions (system’s inputs). According to management literature the most significant structural dimensions consist of formalization, centralization and complexity and the major contextual dimensions are strategy, technology, environmental uncertainty and size of organization. In this stage, the model estimates the present structural dimensions too. In the second stage, the model presents a fuzzy system to determine the mechanistic and organic aspects of organizational structure (theoretical structure), which is estimated for both of the desired and present status. In this stage the system’s inputs are computed structural dimensions in first stage and its out put is theoretical structure. Finally after testing the model, a method is presented to analyze the gap existing between the desired and present structure in the third stage.

Today, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are not only a simple tool for working but also draw on many contexts for changes in organizations. For example, changes in communication ways provide important challenges how we use ICTs for facilitating communication in organization. Effectiveness that ICTs play in collaborative communication is resulted fostering improvements in human resource development via coordination of communication abilities and capabilities. Together, these factors conduct communication empowerment and productivity, increase organizational communication efficiency. In previous thirty years, the extant literature findings are differences about ICT's effecting within organizations. In the other way, changes in the kinds of ICTs and different impact of everyone have reduced generalizable of previous findings. So, in this paper, we try to explain effectiveness of ICTs such as intranet, extranet, e-mail, teleconferences and etc on social structure variables (a succession of complexity and formalization) and physical structure variables (time-location independency of activities) that entail communication efficiency in base on communication empowerment inside the organization. These factors comprise elements of our conceptual model that depicts this literature in area of organizational communication. In order to fulfill the aim of the paper, the study was carried out among the performance employees in Islamic Republic Iranian Broadcasting (IRIB) which access ICTs and use it, till tested ourconceptual framework. Data are analyzed with SPSS and empirical analysis showed how data on ICTs make it possible that communicational empowerment is effected by formalization, time-location independency and finally complexity in hierarchy.

Competition in the sphere of industry for the sake of betterment the quality of productions and services, is unavoidable. Therefore, due to the existing of old structures in the field of industry, these structures should be upgrade. In this present research, main structures, which include legal (governmental), economic, industrial, technological and inter – institutional aspects, were discussed. Then, we proceed to discuss the semiindictors through analytical diagrams and using point of views of experts. In the meantime, we attach due importance to these sixteen indictors through using various reliable decision – making methods. These importance were considered in two main spheres and discussed through two relatively independent methalogy along with indignant not close to the indicators. This importance, paid the way for discussing the vulnerability of indicators in the sphere of industry. In the other side, the main industry of the country according to the category provided by ministry of industry and mines, was discussed, In the final phase, the results achieved from two methods for ranking the sixteen indicators, were compared.

Quality of controling and directing of firms and their patterns of finance are important discussions in corporate governance in recent years in the world .Ownership is a key element in corporate control and governance. Quality of ownership concentration of top stock holders affect directly patterns of finance. Implementation of specific financing pattern in southeast Asia led to financial crisis. This thesis survey control structure and patterns of financing of listed firms in Tehran stock exchange .Financial datas are issued by Tehran stock exchange in period 2000-2004 in the formes of balance sheet and income statement and other information are used in this thesis .Ownership concentration is measured by the proportion of shares owned by top one shareholders. The iranian corporate sector’s owenership concentration is categorized into three groups based on percentage of ownership (i) 0%-33% (ii) 33% 66% (iii) 66%-100%. By firm size, the corporate sector is divided into large, medium, and small companies, depending on capitals. The relationship bettween ownership concentration and firms size are tested, then their relations with patterns of financing (retained earning, debting, issuing equities) are tested. The effect of each above variables on sale and profitability are tested, too. The conclusions indicated, the most important source of financing in Iranian firms is debting, with average ratio 0.6, and also stock issue with average ratio 0.3 is the second, and retained earning with average ratio 0.1 is the thired patterns of financing in compare with other countries. Ownership and control of corporations in Iran are highly concentrated, ownership concentration of top one stockholder in Iranian firms held, on average 50/1 percent of shares, is the highest in compare with other countries. Based on a Regression analysis,there is statistically significant relationship between capital and profitability, increasing in capital led to high profitability and also reduction in depending on financing in debt and a little increase in issuing equities, in Iranian firms .On the other hand, results show a significant positive relationship between ownership concentration and financial leverage, as measured by total debt – to -total assets ratios.These are consistent with the hypothesis that companies with more concentrated ownership tend to engage in higher debt financing because their controling owners do not want to dilute their control by bringing in new equity holders.

Stress is a part of social life and urbanization. Lifestyle can affect our health and well being. Stress is the outcome or reaction of mind and body to anything which a person faces. Stress not only affects our health, but it would also affect our physical ability and strength. Therefore, those who enjoy from healthier mind and body, can better cope with stress, because body and mind are interconnected. Those individuals who become an active participant in their health care, try to learn how to cope with stress. We must find ways to control the harmful aspects of stress, and neutralize the negative effects of it on our social life. The effects of stress could be observed on all parts of our body and mind such as on our blood pressure, heart rates, physical and mental tiredness. There are various ways for tuning your body and your mind, and in this context, one can become own "biofeedback monitor.

This research has been done under title: Bankruptcy Prediction using Artificsl Neural Networks with camparsion to the Altman Model. The goal of this study is to provide exact explanation and presentation of theoretical basis of research and measurement of usefulness bankruptcy financial models. We presented the research hypotheses in order to provide suitable scientific context for the study. Hypothese 1: Artificsl Neural Networks and Altman models are suitable instrumental for prediction of bankruptcy. Hypothese 2: In prediction of bankruptcy one firm, have significant difference the resultsof this two models. The means of the research statements (Balance sheets, Income statement, cash flow statement) of the companies which were accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. The library method was employed in data gathering. Statistical population of research includes active companies whose financial statements are accessable in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical sample of the research includes active companies in productive industries, from 1379 to 1384. In order to analysis data, We used statistical metods of nonparametric binomial, and for cointegration significant difference two models employed wilcoxon signed- rank test and sign test for hypothese 2. After analyzing the data the results gained id confirmed and supported by above tests.

One of the important and determining sectors of each society is its higher education system. The higher education of each country is the factor which creates expert workforce and resolves the various problems of the country in a scientific way. In our society these factors and other various factors cause the everincreasing demand for continuation of higher education at the university and entry to this system and create a gap between the number of applicants and the existing facilities, encourage creation of new capacities (mostly with planning) because there is a delay between the beginning of capacity creation and its fruition. At time of delivery of newly-created capacities, again there is not a harmony between the demand and capacity. Sometimes this causes the existing capacities not to be filled and completed. In this research we have tried to model the structure of capacity-creation for applicants of entering the Iranian higher-education system and execute it in the framework of systemic thought and dynamic system tools in VENSIM software. Accordingly at first the main variables defining this system to a considerable extent are identified and realized and their relations are codified according to casual loop diagrams. Then its technical structure is completed through design of the main model according to Flow & Stock diagram and assimilated in the software. Through execution of model and analysis of its results the status of the higher education system in future, derived from today's policies and planning, will be specified. At last more important, more effective and more principal indexes will be identified. Some variables can be added to this model. Furthermore any strategy and solution can be tested and assessed without witnessing the probably negative consequences in real world.

The single direct way to succeed in teaching/learning methods is whether or not circumstances that provide a better thinking condition are taken in to account (Dewey, 1946). Critical thinking is that mode of thinkingabout any subject, content, or problem - in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it (Paul et al, 1997). Teaching "critical reading" should be at the core of any discussion of critical thinking (carr, 1990). The study with consideration to this hypothesis that, "critical thinking instruction affects on student's achievement" , presents a model in order to student's critical thinking assessment and studies on the effect of critical thinking instruction on student's achievement. Thus following hypothesizes are formed: Main hypothesis: critical thinking instruction affect on student's achievement. Derivative hypothesises: 1. the quantity of effecting critical thinking instruction on student's achievement is different, regarding their major field of study. 2. the quantity of effecting critical thinking instruction on student's achievement is different, regarding to their gender. 3. critical thinking instruction increases students critical thinking. On the basis of topic and purpose, this study is an applied one, while it is an experimental study regarding the procedures of data collection. In order to make the subjects of the study homogenous, a pretest-posttest design with a control group was used. The population of the study, includes conditioned students (those with term average score of less than 12 [ out of 20]). Studying in the first semester of the educational calendar 2005-06 in the Islamic Azad university at Tonekabon. They are studying science and humanities with various majors. The frequency of the population includes 485 conditioned students, from among whom 63 were randomly selected as samples, using the formula 2 2 2
2 2
. .
. . .
N d t s
N t s
R
= . 30 were assigned into the experimental and 30 others, were also assigned into the control group of the study. The experimental group was divided into two sub-groups of 15 subjects: one sub-group was instructed critical thinking and the other was instructed on unrelated topic (time management). The control group was assigned to ordinary instruction. After the administration of the pretest and posttest, the subject's scores in critical thinking were determined; meanwhile, their semesters average scores were taken from university educational office. Then the hypotheses of the study were analyzed in descriptive statistics (Mean, percentage, tables and chart) and in inferential statistics (using the spss software, T-test, Tuki and the oneway ANOVA). The findings, show that first: teaching critical thinking instruction with the method presented in the study will increase students critical thinking. Second: there is a significant relationship between critical thinking and student's achievement: teaching critical thinking will increase student's achievement, and third, no significant difference was found in the degree of effect form critical thinking instruction on student's achievement, taking variables such as "major of study" and "gender" into consideration.